About the Timeline (1809-1985) This timeline contains brief descriptions of events relating to the history of psychology, psychiatry, and the world.  Many of the events, such as the "Great Depression" and  World War II, had direct effects on Manteno State Hospital. Others events are provided to give the reader a sense of placement in history.   1809 Thomas Story Kirkbride was born. Kirkbride was one of the founders of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (1844)and the author of the book "On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane" (1847). Napoleon Occupies Vienna Neo-Classicism and Romanicism   1839 Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre invented the daguerreotype process in France and was announced to the public on August 19, 1839.   1844 Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), later known as the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Thomas Ford, Governor of Illinois 1842-46 Telegraph Begun -The first inter-city telegraph was demonstrated by Samuel Morse. Realism, Pre-Raphelites and Victorian   1855 Township of Manteno (Illinois) granted by the county's Board of Supervisors. Joel Aldrich Matteson, Governor of Illinois 1853-57 Bloody Kansas: A group of pro-slavery raiders burns part of the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, thus provoking a civil war in Kansas.   1857 Reverend Theophilus Packard and wife, Elizabeth Parsons Ware Packard, move to Manteno, Illinois.William H. Bissell, Governor of Illinois 1857-61   1860 Reverend Packard, with the help of Dr. Andrew McFarland, (Superintendent at the Illinois State Asylum at Jacksonville), conspire and commit Elizabeth Packard to the asylum. Richard Yates, Governor of Illinois 1861-65 Second Maori War Begins   1863 Elizabeth Parsons Ware Packard is released from the Illinois State Asylum at Jacksonville. Shortly thereafter she writes several successful books on her ordeal and begins campaign to change commitment laws. Battle of Gettysburg - American Civil War (1861-1865)   1865 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln   1867 Elizabeth Packard fights for a "Bill for the Protection of Personal Liberty" in Illinois and wins. This bill “granted the right to a jury trial for anyone committed to an asylum”. Richard J. Oglesby, Governor of Illinois 1865-69 Alaska Purchased   1872 Northern Illinois Hospital and Asylum for the Insane opened. (Later named Elgin State Hospital and now Elgin Mental Health Center.) John McAuley Palmer, Governor of Illinois 1869-73 Impressionism   1883 G. Stanley Hall, establishes first U.S. experimental psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University. Brooklyn Bridge Opened on May 25th John M. Hamilton, Governor of Illinois 1883-85   1885 A cholera and typhoid epidemic kills 90,000 Chicagoans when a heavy storm washes sewage into Lake Michigan, (the city's source of drinking water). Modernism   1886 Sigmund Freud begins performing therapy in Vienna. Haymarket Riots: On May 1, 1886, workers took to the streets in a general strike throughout the entire country to force the ruling class to recognise the eight-hour working day. In Chicago, on May third, the Chicago police opened fire on unarmed striking workers killing six and wounding untold numbers. On May fourth, thousands of workers rallied at Haymarket Square to protest the persisting police brutality. When policemen attempted to disperse the meeting, a bomb exploded and rioting ensued. In retaliation, the police opened fire on the unarmed workers. Eight workers were convicted as anarchists, four of whom were executed, one of whom committed suicide and the three remaining, pardoned in 1893 after having served in prison for 7 years. Richard J. Oglesby, Governor of Illinois 1885-89   1892 The American Psychological Association (APA) is founded. Ellis Island opens Joseph W. Fifer, Governor of Illinois 1889-93   1893 Chicago World's Fair opens.   1907 Eugenic Sterilization Law - Indiana: Indiana law authorized, "the compulsory sterilization of any confirmed criminal, idiot, rapist, or imbecile in a state institution whose condition had been determined to be "unimprovable" by an appointed panel of physicians." By 1926, 23 states had enacted eugenics laws. Most states confining compulsory sterilization to inmates of public mental institutions but some also included prisons. By 1979 sixty-thousand sterilizations had been preformed throughout the United States. First Helicopter Flew - On November 13, 1907 Charles S. Deneen, Governor of Illinois 1905-13   1910 Illinois Insane Asylums are renamed "State Hospital": January 1st, the newly formed Board of Administration assumes control over all state funded hospitals and renames all asylums in the state of Illinois, "State Hospital". (Thus, the name, "Manteno State Hospital" not Manteno Asylum or Hospital for the Insane.) The Stanford-Binet intelligence test, is developed. N.A.A.C.P. (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Founded   1916 Child Labor Law Passed Edward F. Dunne, Governor of Illinois 1913-17   1917 Civil Service Law - Revision of the civil service law made it easier for employees to be dismissed for poor job performance or neglect yet protecting them from dismissal due to political affiliation, ethnic or religious discrimination. -"The History of Elgin Mental Hospital Health Center Evolution of a State Hospital", by William Briska, MSW - 1997 Lenin Returns To Russia U.S. enters WWI Department of Public Welfare: The Civil Administrative Code of 1917 consolidated the administration of all state charitable and correctional institutions in the Department of Public Welfare. These duties encompassed not only the operation of all state charitable and correctional institutions, but the visitation, inspection, and licensing of all institutions providing care or services for children or the mentally ill. Frank O. Lowden, Governor of Illinois 1917-21   1918 Novenber 11, at 11PM, WWI ends   1919 Genevieve Pilarski September 29, "Gennie" or Genevieve Pilarski was born. Versailles Peace Conference The "Red Scare" and the Palmer Raids: Without formal charges or convictions, Mitchell Palmer's agents seized 249 resident aliens, thought to be communists.  Those seized were placed on board a ship, the Buford, bound for the Soviet Union. Deportees included Emma Goldman, the feminist, anarchist and writer who later recalled the deportation in her autobiography. Info from http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/hist409/red.html   1920's Prohibition begins, making it illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages. Women's Suffrage: In 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States granted women nation-wide the right to vote. Social Work: Social work had its humble beginnings as a predominately female vocation (from churches and philanthropic groups) to relieve the poverty stricken, care for children, the sick, the aged, and the correction of the delinquent. By the 1920's many social workers worked to re-socialize mental patients back into their communities by working for state hospitals and making visits or "house calls" on "paroled" patients. This vocation later developed into a degreed profession specializing in case work, group work, and community organization. Department of Public Welfare of the State of Illinois mandates that patients in mental institutions receive psychiatric and medical evaluations every six months. Gandhi becomes leader of Indian Independence Movement Post Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dada and Bauhaus   1921 First psychological test development company: The Psychological Corporation launched the first psychological test development company, developing psychological tests and materials for practicing psychologists and publishing individualized psychological assessments. The Psychological Corporation http://www.psychcorp.com For the first time, the United States passed a restrictive immigration quota.   1921 Dr. Charles F. Read M.D., State Alienist (Chief Psychiatrist), supervised the Illinois State Psychopathic Institute (1921-25) Len Small, Governor of Illinois 1921-29   1924 Vladimir Lenin Dies The Murder trial of Leopold and Loeb: Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold were tried and convicted of the murder of Bobby Franks. Both were represented in court by Clarence Darrow who won them life in prison instead of a death sentence by entering a guilty plea.   1925 Scopes Monkey Trial - A Tennessee anti-evolution statute was upheld and later overturned. John Scopes, a high school biology teacher was charged and convicted with illegally teaching the theory of evolution. A year later, the Tennessee Supreme Court reversed the decision. (Clarence Darrow, along with others, represented John Scopes in the trial.) "The Great Gatsby", by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is published. On March 18, 1925, the "Great Tri-State Tornado" tore across Southeast Missouri, Southern Illinois, and Southwest Indiana. The tornado took hundreds of lives and injured thousands.   1926 Movements toward the "Great Depression": in October, economic expansion peaks and recession begins. "Don Juan", one of the first movies to have a synchronized score and sound effects, is released. 1927 The first land is purchased for the building of Manteno State Hospital. Charles Lindbergh makes first transatlantic, solo flight to France. Sacco and Vanzetti: Immigrant anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, were convicted of murdering two men during a robbery attempt in 1920, sentenced to death and executed in 1927. Ford Motor Company introduces the Model A automobile. "The Jazz Singer" is released and goes down in hostory as the first feature-length "talkie". Buck v. Bell: Virginia, 1927, the United States Supreme Court upheld the concept of eugenic sterilization for people considered genetically "unfit." First electronic television transmission.   1928 November, Herbert Hoover elected president June 18th, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic (30 hours and 20 minutes)   1929 Formal dedication of Manteno State Hospital August, economic expansion peaks and on October 24th, "Black Thursday," Stock Market crashes By November 13th, the stock market had lost $30 billion in its market value Dr. Wiglus is Illinois State AlienistPsychopathic Institute is relocated to Elgin State Hospital Research, publishing, training, education and investigation found it's way into the Illinois State Hospital system as well as the prisons from about 1929 until the early 1970's. Drug companies started to provide their medications to be tested on patients without their knowledge. Louis F. Emmerson, Governor of Illinois 1929-33   1930 Gandhi leads revolt in India The Cyclotron (atom smasher) is invented   1931 Hoover's Wickersham Commission reports state that enforcement of Prohibition has become almost impossible. Davis-Bacon Act becomes law, requiring "prevailing" (union) wages to be paid on federal construction contracts. New York's 102-story, 1,250' high Empire State Building opens. Britain goes off the Gold Standard.  Al Capone convicted of income tax evasion and sentenced to 11 years in prison. (Released in 1939.)  December 11th, the New York Bank of the United States collapses 1931-1941, Dr. Abraham A. Low is Assistant to the State Alienist for Illinois: In this capacity he supervises all of the Illinois State Hospitals, visiting them, conducting seminars with staff and interviewing the most severe of mental patients.   1932 March 1st, the Lindbergh baby is kidnapped July 29th, Bonus Army Riot begins in Washington, D.C.: Bonus Army demonstrators are dispersed by armed guards and tear gas on July 29, 1932. The so-called Bonus Expeditionary Force, made up if some 15,000 veterans and their families, had staged a protest in Washington, D. C. in hopes of obtaining an early payment of a World War I bonus. November 8th, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Herbert Hoover to become the 32nd President Beginning of Tuskegee Syphilis Study: From 1932 to 1972, medical researchers deliberately withheld treatment from African-American patients with syphilis in Tuskegee, Alabama. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was revealed as "the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history."   1933 "A Century of Progress", Chicago hosts International Exposition of 1933 February 15th, Chicago mayor Anton Cermak is killed during an assassination attempt in Miami, Florida on President-elect Roosevelt. Construction begins on San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge January 31st, Adolf Hitler named Chancellor of Germany Economy starts to recover from the depression. March 12th, FDR's first "Fireside Chat" is broadcast over the radio. April 19th, the United States goes off the Gold Standard. Federal Emergency Relief Adminstration created. Albert Einstein arrives in the United States as a refugee from Nazi Germany. Civil Works Administration (CWA) is created. December 5th, the 21st Amendment is ratified ending alcohol prohibition.   1934 Gold Reserve Act passed, establishing the Exchange Stabilization Fund and allowing the U. S. Treasury to seize all gold held by the Federal Reserve. Bonnie (Parker) and Clyde (Barrow) shot to death in a police ambush in Bienville Parish, LA. John Dillinger is shot by the FBI in a Chicago alley. June 30th, Night of Long Knives: Hitler eliminates 77 friends and foes. August 2nd, German President Paul von Hindenburg dies, allowing for Adolf Hitler's complete takeover. August 13th, "Li'l Abner," by Al Capp, published. Coup against FDR Plotted: an insurrection army was being planned to march on the White House, "force" FDR to resign, and install a Secretary of General Affairs to take Roosevelt’s place and reinstate the Gold Standard. About 29% of the budget for Illinois Department of Public Welfare is cut.   1935 W.P.A Created (FDR's "Second New Deal"): The largest American employment agency was created with the enactment of the Works Progress Administration. The goal of the W.P.A. was to put one-third of the 11 million unemployed to work on government projects. The Social Security Act creates a joint federal and state program for both unemployment insurance and old age pension. September 2nd, a Category 5 hurricane, the most intense ever recorded in U.S. History, hits the Florida Keys, killing over 400 people. September 8th, Huey Long is assassinated. Trends toward "research" and human experimentation in total institutions increases.   1936 Manteno State Hospital purchases more farms: 200 acres is added and the hospital's farms are worked by employees assisted by patients. November 3rd, FDR defeats Alfred M. Landon, Governor of Kansas, to win second term as President Spanish Civil War breaks out. Walter Freeman performs first frontal lobotomy in the United States and by 1951, more than 18,000 such operations have been performed.   1937 January 20th, FDR delivers his second inaugural address Economic recovery stops and enters a second depression May 6th, Hindenburg disaster July, Amelia Earhart lost over the Pacific in an attempt to fly around the world at the equator.    1938 President Roosevelt establishes the March of Dimes. Economy begins to recover. Fair Labor Standards Act passed, minimum wage set. On October 30th, Orson Welles broadcasts "War of the Worlds". Boeing unveils the Stratoliner. Beginning of the use of Electroshock Therapy   1939 Typhoid Fever Outbreak at Manteno State Hospital: A typhoid fever outbreak results in 453 cases of typhoid and 60 deaths at Manteno State Hospital. Contamination of the water supply is said to be caused by leakage of hospital's sewer system. New York Worlds Fair opens August 2nd, Albert Einstein writes letter to President Franklin Roosevelt outlining the potential of nuclear energy weapons. September 1, Germany invades Poland and WWII begins. "The Grapes of Wrath", by John Steinbeck, is published.   1940 September 16th, Selective Training and Service Act passed, requiring men between the ages of 21 and 35 to register for military training. FDR defeats Wendell Willkie to win third term as President. Germany invades Norway. France surrenders to Germany. First xerographic machine designed. John Stelle, Governor of Illinois 1940-41   1941 May 1st, the Orson Welles motion picture "Citizen Kane" premiered in New York. December 7th, Japan attacks Pearl Harbor Penicillin is used to treat first human patient. Dwight H. Green, Governor of Illinois 1941-49   1942 February 20th, FDR issues Presidential order, calling for the internment of over 100,000 Japanese-Americans on the west coast. Not accused of any crimes, they were ordered out of their homes and interned in dessert camps. Battle of Midway A nuclear chain reaction is achieved at the University of Chicago under the direction of Enrico Fermi.   1943 Dr. Gustav Ichheiser, a social psychologist, is staff psychologist at Manteno State Hospital. April 19th, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The remaining Jews in the Warsaw ghetto began an armed uprising against the Nazis. The Jews, numbering just 60,000– down from the half a million in the ghetto a year before– knew that those being taken away were going to Auschwitz to be murdered.   1944 Genevieve "Gennie" Pilarski: Committed to Manteno State Hospital. May 8th, V-E Day June 4th, Capture of Axis in Rome by Allied forces. June 6th, D-Day FDR defeats Thomas E. Dewey to win fourth term as President Battle of the Bulge   1945 Auschowitz is liberated by Soviet troops. U.S. Forces land on Iwo Jima March, FDR dies while at the "Little White House" in Warm Springs, Georgia May 8th, Germany surrenders at Reims. August 6th, atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. August 9th, atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. September 2nd, Japan surrenders. WWII ends The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials bring 22 Nazi officials to court. Abstract Expressionism   1946 Peron becomes President of Argentina "Iron Curtain" declared by Churchill, putting forth the concept that Europe be divided between east and west. "The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care", by Dr. Spock published The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials: Nazis were accused of crimes "so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it cannot survive their being repeated." First electric computer designed by John William Mauchly. U.S. President Harry Truman signs the National Mental Health Act, providing generous funding for psychiatric education and research for the first time in U.S. history. This act leads to the creation in 1949 of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/history/history_nonflash.html   1947 Marshall Plan Unvieled - On June 5th, George C. Marshall suggested that the European nations themselves set up a program for the reconstruction of Europe, with United States assistance. Taft-Hartley Act: Provided the President with the power to obtain an 80–day injunction against any strike. It also gave him the power of appointing a board of inquiry to oversee collective bargaining. It also banned closed shops. The bill was passed, over the veto of the President, in response to a wave of strikes. Yaeger Breaks Sound Barrier Roswell, NM: UFO scare. Spruce Goose Flies   1948 Harry S. Truman elected president State of Israel Declared and Recognized by U.S. Polaroid Land Camera goes on sale. "The Snake Pit", starring Olivia de Havilland, released.   1949 NATO Founded Ireland Becomes Independent Adlai E. Stevenson, Governor of Illinois 1949-53   1950 Korean War begins "Gennie" is placed in research ward at Manteno State Hospital where she receives electric shock therapy two times a week, (by 1953 she has undergone 187 ESTs), and eventually undergoes a lobotomy. Afterwards she is subjected to more electric shock therapy and shuffled through a plethora of mental and geriatric institutions, a mere shadow of her former self. She dies on September 23, 1998, a ward of the State of Illinois. Op Art   1950s - 1967 Illinois' Zone Centers: The zone center concept was developed which was to bring every citizen within 90 minutes of services. It was the zone concept that formally establish Illinois in the forefront in shifting from an institutional model to a community based model of service. The state was subdivided into geographic zones and a portion of the bond issue revenues were used to design and construct zone center complexes in six of the eight geographic zones in the state. All of the zone center facilities and sub-state administrative organizations were operational by 1967. With the opening of each administrative zone, centralized governmental functions were decentralized to each administrative zone. This included responsibility for grants-in-aid to community based services for individuals with mental retardation. While the new zone center complexes were intended to provide inpatient and outpatient services for individuals with mental retardation few did so and this became a critical issue with mental retardation advocates. However, each of these sub-state administrative entities did establish an Assistant Zone Director position with responsibility to oversee the community grant program for mental retardation services. This individual played a key role in community organization activities, service coordination, resource allocation and planning. This sub-state regional administrative structure continued to carry out these functions throughout the 1970s and 1980s. From the Institute on Public Policy for People with Disabilities http://www.instituteonline.org/back.html     1951 May 12, the United States detonates a hydrogen bomb on an island in the Pacific The Remington Rand Corporation unveiled the first commercial digital computer, called the "UNIVAC" (Universal Automatic Computer) Color TV is introduced.   1952 King George VI dies, and Elizabeth is crowned Queen. New immigration Quotas: immigration quota limited to 154,657 immigrants per year. Thorazine: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) first used in the treatment of schizophrenia.   1953 Stalin Dies Rosenbergs Executed Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed on June 19, after being convicted of espionage for selling the formula for the atomic bomb to the Soviets. They were the first civilians put to death under the Espionage Act of 1917. William G. Stratton, Governor of Illinois 1953-1957   1955 First McDonalds restuarant opens in Des Plains, Illinois, Military Coup ousts Peron   1956 Suez War First transatlantic telephone cable between Newfoundland and Scotland was completed in 1956. The cable ran 2,250 miles.   1957 Sputnik Launched by Russians Federal troops integrated schools in Little Rock, Arkansas. Polio vaccine discovered.   1959 The St. Lawrence Seaway was opened on June 26. Hawaii Admitted to the Union On August 21, Hawaii, the "Aloha State," joined the Union. Castro seizes power in Cuba after Cuban dictator Batista flees.   1960 U-2 Downed A U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers, was shot down by the Soviet Union. First televised U.S. presidential debate. Pop Art   1961 Kennedy Inaugurated U.S. commitment to Vietnam grows Bay of Pigs Invasion Berlin Crisis-Builidng of the Wall Otto Kerner, Governor of Illinois 1961-1968 Department of Mental Health created: Illinois Department of Public Welfare abolished and Department of Mental Health created. Shortly there after, "Manteno State Hospital" becomes "Manteno Mental Health Center".   1962 Prayer Unconstitutional in School First American in Space Cuban Missile Crisis The first international satellite broadcast of television takes place.   1963 March on Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr. gives "I have a dream" speech. Samuel Fuller's "Shock Corridor " is released. John F. Kennedy is assasinated.   1964 Civil Rights adopted in the U.S. The Beatles appear on Ed Sullivan Show.   1965 Malcome X is assasinated. Viet Nam escalates.   1968 First Doctor of Psychology: Clinical Psychology Degree ProgramFirst Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) professional degree program in Clinical Psychology was established in the Department of Psychology at The University of Illinois - Urbana/Champaign Martin Luther King, Jr. is assasinated. Samuel H. Shapiro, Governor of Illinois 1968-1969   1969 Richard B. Ogilvie, Governor of Illinois 1969-73 Homosexuality removed from DSM: After intense debate, the American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The widely used reference manual is revised to state that sexual orientation "does not necessarily constitute a psychiatric disorder." http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/history/history_nonflash.html Woodstock American, Neil Armstrong, becomes the first man to walk on the moon.   1970 Four students shot at Kent State. Minimalism and Conceptualism   1973 Watergate Hearings Daniel Walker, Governor of Illinois 1973-1977   1975 "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest", directed by Milos Forman and starring Jack Nicholson, is released.   1977 James R. Thompson, Governor of Illinois 1977-1991 Post Modern and Contemporary   1984-1985 The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984, signed into law on October 12, 1984, was the first comprehensive Federal legislation governing the insanity defense and the disposition of individuals suffering from a mental disease or defect who are involved in the criminal justice system. The more significant provisions: 1. significantly modified the standard for insanity previously applied in the Federal courts; 2. placed the burden of proof on the defendant to establish the defense by clear and convincing evidence; 3. limited the scope of expert testimony on ultimate legal issues; 4. eliminated the defense of diminished capacity; 5. created a special verdict of "not guilty only by reason of insanity," which triggers a commitment proceeding; and 6. provided for Federal commitment of persons who become insane after having been found guilty or while serving a Federal prison sentence. December, 1985, Manteno Mental Health Center closes and the last patients are transferred to Elgin Mental Health and Tinley Park Mental Health Center facilities.