About This Page
"We Name Our Cottages" is a copy of a paper found at
the Manteno Public Library District which appears to have been
taken from an issue of Manteno State Hospital News. The original
material however, is missing information after the 35th cottage
named "Trudeau". Educated guesses have been made
to fill in the information on the remaining cottages. It is still
uncertain as to whom these cottages were actually named after,
particularly the cottage named "Quine".
Images and other information have been added and original resource
information included.
The Cottage Map
Click to open larger image in new window.
Addams Adler
Barton Billings
Bowen Brandon
Carriel
Clouston Cullen
Dewey Dix
Drake Dunne
Forbes
Freud Gollmar
Goodner Hinton
Hunter Jackson
James
Kilbourne Kraepelin
McDowell Meyer
Mitchell Morgan
Nightingale Pinel
Prince *Quine
Rush Silvis
Singer
Todd Trudeau
*White *Williams
*Willis *Wines
**Zeller
WE NAME OUR COTTAGES
An interesting perspective on the history of the treatment ofmental
illness, the Illinois Departmentof Mental Health, and the MantenoState
Hospital, can be gained by the people who were most influential
in creating this history. Here at Manteno State Hospital our buildings
are named after a number of these pioneers.
They are listed below:
Original Image Source: http://www.ssw.umich.edu/ongoing/fall2001/images/Jane-Addams.gif
Addams,Jane
(1860–1935)
American philanthropist. Founder of Hull House in Chicago.
American social worker, b. Cedarville, Ill., grad. Rockford College,
1881. In 1889, with Ellen Gates Starr, she founded Hull House
in Chicago, one of the first social settlements in the United
States (see settlement house). Based on the university settlements
begun in England by Samuel Barnett, Hull House served as a community
center for the neighborhood poor and later as a center for social
reform activities. It was important in Chicago civic affairs and
had an influence on the settlement movement throughout the country.
An active reformer throughout her career, Jane Addams was a leader
in the woman’s suffrage and pacifist (see pacifism) movements.
She was the recipient (jointly with Nicholas Murray Butler) of
the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. Her books on social questions include
The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909), A New Conscience
and an Ancient Evil (1912), and Peace and Bread in Time of War
(1922).
1 See her autobiographical Twenty Years at Hull-House (1910) and
The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House (1930); the selected works
in The Jane Addams Reader (ed. by J. B. Elshtain, 2001); biographies
by J. W. Linn, her nephew (1935), A. F. Davis (1973), and G. Diliberto
(1999); studies by D. Levine (1971) and J. B. Elshtain (2001).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
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Original Image Source: http://home.epix.net/~renjilia/adler.jpg
Adler, Alfred
(1870–1937)
Viennese psychiatrist and disciple of Freud. Developed theory
that physical compensation for an inferiority accounts for the
development of neuroses. "Father of Individual Psychology".
(äd´lr) (KEY) , , Austrian psychologist,
founder of the school of individual psychology. Although one of
Sigmund Freud’s earlier associates, he rejected the Freudian
emphasis upon sex as the root of neurosis. Adler broke with Freud
in 1911, maintaining that feelings of helplessness during childhood
can lead to an inferiority complex. Adler’s theory focused
on social forces, and his therapy, while still concerned with
the analysis of early childhood, was also interested in overcoming
the inferiority complex through positive social interaction. After
1932, he lectured and practiced in the United States.
His books include The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology
(1927, repr. 1973) and Understanding Human Nature (1927, repr.
1978).
1 See studies by J. Rattner (tr. 1983) and P. Stephansky (1983).
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Original Image Source: http://www.born-today.com/Today/pix/barton_clara.jpg
Barton, Clara
(1821–1912)
Founder of the Red Cross.
American humanitarian, organizer of the American Red Cross, b.
North Oxford (now Oxford), Mass. She taught school (1839–54)
and clerked in the U.S. Patent Office before the outbreak of the
Civil War. She then established a service of supplies for soldiers
and nursed in army camps and on the battlefields. She was called
the Angel of the Battlefield. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed
her to search for missing prisoners; the records she compiled
also served to identify thousands of the dead at Andersonville
Prison. In Europe for a conference at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian
War (1870), she went to work behind the German lines for the International
Red Cross. She returned to the United States in 1873 and in 1881
organized the American National Red Cross, which she headed until
1904. She worked successfully for the President’s signature
to the Geneva treaty for the care of war wounded (1882) and emphasized
Red Cross work in catastrophes other than war. Among her writings
are several books on the Red Cross.
1 See biographies by I. Ross (1956) and W. E. Barton (1969); S.
B. Oates, A Woman of Valor (1994).
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(Photo: 1920)
Original Image Source: http://www.rushu.rush.edu/medcol/images/billings.jpg
Billings, Frank
M.D.
(1854-1932)
American doctor who specialized in internal medicine. Founder
of Billings Hospital and Clinics in Chicago. Leader in Chicago
community in drive against inhumane and unscientific treatment
of the mentally ill.
1 *Researched the germ cause of disease, contributing the concept
of focal infection, which helped explain at that time the cause
of strange diseases of unknown origin.
Brief Description of the Award
The Billings Award was created to honor Frank Billings, M.D.,
one of the founders and outstanding first presidents of The Institute
of Medicine of Chicago. Dr. Billings felt strongly that physicians
should take an active role in issues of health policy and human
welfare in the then rapidly developing city of Chicago. The Billings
Award recognizes a current leader who exemplifies that same tenacity
and vision.
1 www.rushu.rush.edu/medcol/ history.html
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Bowen, Archie Leonard
(1869-1945)
Director of the Illinois Department of Public Welfare 1933-1941
"As director of Public Welfare he exercised an executive
and administrative supervision over 25 public, charitable and
penal institutions in the State of Illinois containing 56,000
patients, inmates and prisoners. These were scattered over
the State of Illinois from Chicago to Anna and included institutions
at Alton, Jacksonville, Kankakee, Dwight, Manteno, Menard, Peoria
and Joliet. He had supervision of the Board of Pardons and
Paroles including supervision of parole prisoners. In the
penal institutions of the State there were 13,000 prisoners.
In addition to this there were 7,000 persons on parole.
In the charitable institutions there were 56,000 patients and
2,000 on parole from the hospital. In southern Illinois
there were held five clinics for tracoma, In the Institute
for Juvenile Research in Chicago there was held the largest research
clinic in the world. Five hundred hospital beds are constantly
kept and 500 or 600 persons daily go through the dispensary.
350,000 people a year are treated in these public institutions.
In addition to this service as Director of Public Welfare he was
in charge of investigations of and allowance of old age assistance
for which at the commencement of the service there were 123,000
applications and now are approximately 225,000. In this
old age assistance service about $3,000,000 a month is paid out
under his supervision. In addition to this service he is
supervisor of the Federal Social Security Service for handicapped
children involving about 20,000 crippled children and in addition
to this about 2,000 or 5,000 dependant children placed in homes
came under his supervisory jurisdiction. There are also
3,000 world war veterans that come within the jurisdiction of
his service."
A Report On A Typhoid Fever Epidemic At Manteno State Hospital
In 1939, Printed in 1945 by Authority of the State of Illinois
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Brandon, Rodney
H.
(1881- 1968)
Director of Illinois Department of Public Welfare 1929-1933 &
1941-1942.
Brandon, Rodney H. of Batavia, Kane County, Ill. Republican. Delegate
to Republican National Convention from Illinois, 1928 (alternate),
1932; candidate for U.S. Representative from Illinois at-large,
1936. Burial location unknown. politicalgraveyard.com
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Carriel, Henry Frost
(1863-1951)
Illinois psychiatrist who was the superintendent of Peoria State
Hospital.
PORTRAIT & BIOGRAPHICAL ALBUM OF MORGAN AND SCOTT COUNTIES,
ILLINOIS
Chicago: Chapman Bros., Publishers, 1889.
HENRY FROST CARRIEL, M.D., Superintendent and Physician of the
Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, at Jacksonville, is
a man remarkable in many respects, and seems both by nature and
education admirably adapted to discharge in a proper manner the
duties of his responsible position. His office is no sinecure,
as anyone at all acquainted with its peculiar duties may readily
understand, and he has brought to it that tact, patience and intelligence
so necessary to a proper treatment of an unfortunate class of
people. He is recognized both by the citizens of Central Illinois
and his brethren of the medical fraternity, as being the right
man in the right place.
The subject of this notice was born in Charleston, N. H., Aug.
20, 1830, and at an early age was graduated from one of the academic
institutions of his native State. Soon afterward he began the
study of medicine at Springfield, Vt., and in the spring of 1857
was graduated with honor from the College of Physicians and Surgeons
of New York City. Such had been his close application to his books,
and his habit of observation was so thorough and concentrated,
that, immediately upon leaving college, he was appointed Attendant
Physician at the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, located at Trenton,
and which position he held until the summer of 1870.
Dr. Carriel at an early period in his life became deeply interested
in the treatment of insanity and determined to make it a specialty.
With this end in view he spent nearly the whole year of 1860 among
the insane hospitals of England, Ireland, Scotland, and France.
In July, 1870, he entered upon the duties of his resent position.
At that time this was the only asylum for the insane in the State,
and it contained 450 patients. It has now under its fostering
care 930 patients, while there are scattered throughout the State
four other institutions for the treatment of this peculiar and
rapidly increasing malady.
While a resident of New Jersey Dr. Carriel was married, May 6,
1862, to Miss Mary K. Buttolph, daughter of the then Superintendent
of the New Jersey State Insane Asylum. Mrs. Carriel died in 1873,
leaving three sons: The eldest, Harry B., is practicing medicine
in Chicago, Ill.; Horace A. runs a cattle ranch in Texas; and
Frank B. is a student at Jacksonville. The Doctor contracted a
second marriage in 1875, with Miss Mary L. Turner, daughter of
Professor J. B. turner, of Jacksonville. Both he and Mrs. Carriel
are members of the Presbyterian Church.
In his reading and researches Dr. Carriel reports that among the
insane of this State the sexes are about equally divided. Educated
people are less liable to insanity than are the uneducated. The
fact that insanity is on the increase is attributed largely to
the foreign population, which comprises nineteen percent of the
whole, while among the insane forty-five per cent are of foreign
birth. Of the large number of patients at Jacksonville not over
100 are thought to be curable. Dr. Carriel, who has no superior
in the treatment of this disease, estimates that recent cases
of insanity are largely curable. If taken in hand within three
months from its development, seventy per cent are curable. If
allowed to run six months, the per cent, would be reduced to fifty.
If allowed to run twelve months, not to exceed twenty-five percent
could be cured, and if two years intervene the case may be classed
as wholly incurable.
Morgan County ILGenWeb © In keeping with our policy of providing
free information on the Internet, data and images may be used
by non-commercial entities, as long as this message remains on
all copied material. These electronic pages cannot be reproduced
in any format for profit or for other presentation without express
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Clouston, Thomas
Smith
(1840-1915)
Scottish psychiatrist and educator.
1 Born in 1840, and trained in medicine at Edinburgh, Clouston
was appointed Medical Superintendent of the Royal Edinburgh Asylum
in 1873, in succession to David Skae. He was appointed University
Lecturer in Mental Diseases in 1879 and planned the development
of Craig House, which opened in 1894. Clouston retired in 1908
and was knighted in 1911. He died in 1915. The Royal Edinburgh
Asylum was founded in 1806 and opened in 1813. It continues today
as the Royal Edinburgh Hospital.
1 http://www.lhsa.lib.ed.ac.uk/catalog/records/lhsac007.html
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Original Image Source: http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/images/William%20Cullen.jpg
Cullen, William
(1710-1790)
Scottish physician and author.
1 First Lines of the Practice of Physic
Born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, William Cullen studied medicine
at the University of Edinburgh under Alexander Monro, one of the
foremost anatomists of the time. Cullen co-founded the Glasgow
Medical School in 1744. He left Glasgow in 1755 and finished his
career at the University of Edinburgh. He attracted students from
all over the western world, including the American Benjamin Rush.
His fame as a teacher helped make Edinburgh the leading medical
school in Europe.
In 1777, Cullen published the essential parts of his Edinburgh
lectures in First Lines of the Practice of Physic. He suggested
that disease was the result of disturbances in the nervous system.
Thus he condemned the use of laxatives and purgatives and prescribed
only tonics: medicines such as quinine, camphor, or wine that
would either stimulate or sedate the nervous system. The book
became Europe's principal text on the classification and treatment
of disease. Though Cullen's reputation as a nosologist and physician
has faded considerably, his ideas survive in the terms "nervous
energy" and "neuroses" (a word that Cullen coined).
1 http://hsc.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/classics/Cullen.html
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Dewey, Richard S.
(1845-1933)
American psychiatrist; assistant physician at Elgin State Hospital
(1871-1879) Superintendent of Kankakee State Hospital (1879-1893)
where he adapted the cottage plan as the basic architecture for
Manteno State Hospital. (Dr. Richard S. DEWEY, of Elgin, was a
graduate of the University of Michigan, March 28, 1869.)
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Original Image Source: http://search2.eb.com/women/art/odixdor001p1.jpg
Dix, Dorothea Lynde
(1802–1887)
Massachusetts school teacher, who became a crusader for reform
of the care of the mentally ill.
1802–87, American social reformer, pioneer in the movement
for humane treatment of the insane, b. Hampden, Maine. For many
years she ran a school in Boston. In 1841 she visited a jail in
East Cambridge, Mass., and was shocked at conditions there, especially
the indiscriminate mixing of criminals and the insane. After inspecting
other Massachusetts institutions, she wrote (1842) a famous memorandum
to the state legislature. Her crusade resulted in the founding
of state hospitals for the insane in many states, and her influence
was felt in Canada and Europe. Dix also did notable work in penology.
During the Civil War she was superintendent of women war nurses.
1 See H. E. Marshall, Dorothea Dix: Forgotten Samaritan (1937,
repr. 1967); S. C. Beach, Daughters of the Puritans (1967); F.
Tiffany, Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix (repr. 1971); D. C. Wilson,
Stranger and Traveler: The Story of Dorothea Dix, American Reformer
(1975); D. Gallaher, Voice for the Mad (1995).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
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Drake, C. St. Clair
(1870-1935)
Pioneer specialist in Public Health Work in Illinois. Superintendent
of Jacksonville State Hospital 1929-1935
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Dunne, Edward F.
(1853-1937)
Governor of Illinois 1813-1917
Gravestone - Calvary Catholic Cemetery, Evanston, Illinois
"Here Lie The Mortal Remains Of Edward F. Dunne
Beloved Husband Of Elizabeth J. Dunne
1853-1937
A Devoted Husband, A Loving Father and A Devout Christian
Judge Circuit Court Of Cook County 1892-1905
Mayor of Chicago 1905-1907
Governor of Illinois 1913-1917
U.S. Commissioner To A Century Of Progress 1934-1935
Pray For His Eternal Rest"
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Forbes, Ethel
(1893-1969)
First supervising activity therapist at Manteno State Hospital.
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Original Image Source: http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/images/freud.jpg
Freud, Sigmund
(1856–1939)
Viennese psychiatrist who developed a new school of psychiatry
stressing the importance of understanding the individual, his
life experiences, and the part they play in his adjustment to
life. "Father of Psychoanalysis".
(froid), 1856–1939, Austrian psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis.
Born in Moravia, he lived most of his life in Vienna, receiving
his medical degree from the Univ. of Vienna in 1881. 1
His medical career began with an apprenticeship (1885–86)
under J. M. Charcot in Paris, and soon after his return to Vienna
he began his famous collaboration with Josef Breuer on the use
of hypnosis in the treatment of hysteria. Their paper, On the
Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena (1893, tr. 1909),
more fully developed in Studien über Hysterie (1895), marked
the beginnings of psychoanalysis in the discovery that the symptoms
of hysterical patients—directly traceable to psychic trauma
in earlier life—represent undischarged emotional energy
(conversion; see hysteria). The therapy, called the cathartic
method, consisted of having the patient recall and reproduce the
forgotten scenes while under hypnosis. The work was poorly received
by the medical profession, and the two men soon separated over
Freud’s growing conviction that the undefined energy causing
conversion was sexual in nature. 2
Freud then rejected hypnosis and devised a technique called free
association (see association), which would allow emotionally charged
material that the individual had repressed in the unconscious
to emerge to conscious recognition. Further works, The Interpretation
of Dreams (1900, tr. 1913), The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
(1904, tr. 1914), and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
(1905, tr. 1910), increased the bitter antagonism toward Freud,
and he worked alone until 1906, when he was joined by the Swiss
psychiatrists Eugen Bleuler and C. G. Jung, the Austrian Alfred
Adler, and others. 3
In 1908, Bleuler, Freud, and Jung founded the journal Jahrbuch
für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen,
and in 1909 the movement first received public recognition when
Freud and Jung were invited to give a series of lectures at Clark
Univ. in Worcester, Mass. In 1910 the International Psychoanalytical
Association was formed with Jung as president, but the harmony
of the movement was short-lived: between 1911 and 1913 both Jung
and Adler resigned, forming their own schools in protest against
Freud’s emphasis on infantile sexuality and the Oedipus
complex. Although these men, and others who broke away later,
objected to Freudian theories, the basic structure of psychoanalysis
as the study of unconscious mental processes is still Freudian.
Disagreement lies largely in the degree of emphasis placed on
concepts largely originated by Freud. 4
He considered his last contribution to psychoanalytic theory to
be The Ego and the Id (1923, tr. 1927), after which he reverted
to earlier cultural preoccupations. Totem and Taboo (1913, tr.
1918), an investigation of the origins of religion and morality,
and Moses and Monotheism (1939, tr. 1939) are the result of his
application of psychoanalytic theory to cultural problems. With
the National Socialist occupation of Austria, Freud fled (1938)
to England, where he died the following year. 5
Freudian theory has had wide impact, influencing fields as diverse
as anthropology, education, art, and literary criticism. His daughter,
Anna Freud, was a major proponent of psychoanalysis, developing
in particular the Freudian concept of the defense mechanism. Other
works include A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1910,
tr. 1920) and New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis (1933).
6
Bibliography
See his Basic Writings (tr. and ed. by A. A. Brill, 1938, repr.,
1977); The Freud-Jung Letters, ed. by W. McGuire (1974, repr.
1988); biographies by E. Jones (3 vol., 1953–57, abr. ed.
1974) and P. Gay (1988); studies by H. Lewis (2 vol., 1981–83),
S. Schneiderman (1987), O. Olson and S. Koppe (1988), I. Gubrich-Simitis
(1993, tr. 1997), and L. Breger (2000).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
Columbia University Press www.bartleby.com
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Gollmar, A. H.
(This cottage had originally been named "Hannah". Information
on the name, "Hannah", can not be found on presently.)
Physician and psychiatrist at Manteno State Hospital, 1931-1957.
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Goodner, Ralph A.
(1864-1937)
Illinois psychiatrist. Physician Anna State Hospital 1893. Superintendent
of Anna State Hospital 1913-1916 and 1933. Superintendent of Kankakee
State Hospital 1916-1917, Peoria State Hospital 1917-1921.
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Original Image Source: The History of Elgin Mental Health Center
Evolution of a State Hospital, by William Briska, MSW
Hinton, Ralph T.
First Superintendent of Manteno State Hospital 1929-1939
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Hunter, Thomas C.
(1876-1941)
English physician responsible for establishment of sanitarium
for children.
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Original Image Source: http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/jackson.jpg
Jackson, John Hughlings
(1835-1911)
English neurologist. Did much research on epilepsy, particularly
the "Jacksonian variety. Located the speech center of the
brain.
In addition to his studies on epilepsy, Jackson wrote widely on
language disorders, particularly on aphasia and the alterations
in language caused by disease. For a full 30 years, Jackson published
on aphasia. He saw aphasia as a disorder, not of speech, but of
language.
http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v281n11/ffull/jbk0317-4.html
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Original Image Source: http://www.lsc.vsc.edu/faculty/keithh/philosophy/images/william%20James.jpg
James, William
(1842-1910)
American physician, psychologist and philosopher. "The Father
of American Psychology".
1842–1910, American philosopher, b. New York City, M.D.
Harvard, 1869; son of the Swedenborgian theologian Henry James
and brother of the novelist Henry James. In 1872 he joined the
Harvard faculty as lecturer on anatomy and physiology, continuing
to teach until 1907, after 1880 in the department of psychology
and philosophy. In 1890 he published his brilliant and epoch-making
Principles of Psychology, in which the seeds of his philosophy
are already discernible. James’s fascinating style and his
broad culture and cosmopolitan outlook made him the most influential
American thinker of his day. 1
His philosophy has three principal aspects—voluntarism,
pragmatism, and “radical empiricism.” He construes
consciousness as essentially active, selective, interested, teleological.
We “carve out” our world from “the jointless
continuity of space.” Will and interest are thus primary;
knowledge is instrumental. The true is “only the expedient
in our way of thinking.” Ideas do not reproduce objects,
but prepare for, or lead the way to, them. The function of an
idea is to indicate “what conceivable effects of a practical
kind the object may involve—what sensations we are to expect
from it and what reactions we must prepare.” This theory
of knowledge James called pragmatism, a term already used by Charles
S. Peirce. James’s “radical empiricism” is a
philosophy of “pure experience,” which rejects all
transcendent principles and finds experience organized by means
of “conjunctive relations” that are as much a matter
of direct experience as things themselves. Moreover, James regards
consciousness as only one type of conjunctive relation within
experience, not as an entity above, or distinct from, its experience.
James’s other philosophical writings include The Will to
Believe (1897), The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902),
Pragmatism (1907), A Pluralistic Universe (1909), The Meaning
of Truth (1909), Some Problems in Philosophy (1911), and Essays
in Radical Empiricism (1912). 2
See his letters (ed. by his son Henry James, 1920); the Harvard
Univ. Press edition of The Works of William James (17 vol., 1975–88);
biographies by E. C. Moore (1965), G. W. Allen (1967), and L.
Simon (1998); studies by B. P. Brennan (1968), J. Wild (1969),
and P. K. Dooley (1974); R. B. Perry, The Thought and Character
of William James (2 vol. 1935, abr. ed. 1948) and In the Spirit
of William James (1938, repr. 1958); H. S. Levinson, The Religious
Investigations of William James (1981); J. Barzun, A Stroll with
William James (1984). The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Copyright © 2002 Columbia University Press www.bartleby.com
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Original Image Source: The History of Elgin Mental Health Center
Evolution of a State Hospital, by William Briska, MSW
Kilbourne, Edwin
Arius
(1837-1890)
American psychiatrist and first and longest superintendent of
Elgin State Hospital 1871-1890
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Original Image Source: http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/abnorm18.gif
Kraepelin, Emil
(1856–1926)
German psychiatrist, originator of the school of descriptive psychiatry.
His works mark the beginning of modern psychiatry.
(krpln´) (KEY) , 1856–1926, German psychiatrist,
educated at Würzburg (M.D., 1878). He also studied under
Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig, and was appointed professor of psychiatry
at the Univ. of Dorpat, Heidelberg (1891) and Münich (1903),
where he also directed a clinic. Kraepelin authored nine editions
of a textbook which classified mental diseases according to their
cause, symptomatology, course, final stage, and pathological anatomical
findings, producing a system of classification which has relevance
even today. He established the clinical pictures of dementia praecox
(now known as schizophrenia) in 1893, and of manic-depressive
psychosis (see depression) in 1899, after analyzing thousands
of case histories. Kraepelin was concerned only with diagnostic
classification, and did not accept the theory of unconscious mental
activity postulated by psychoanalysts. His classification of mental
disorders served as the foundation for the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases
(ICD), the standard reference text used by psychiatrists today.
His major work is his Textbook of Psychiatry (9th ed. 1927).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
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McDowell, Ephraim
(1771-1830)
American surgeon, first to do surgical removal of an ovary. His
"operations opened the way for all modern surgery of the
abdominal cavity."
" True, an early nineteenth-century American surgeon, Ephraim
McDowell, had successfully removed ovarian tumors from the abdomen
in a small number of cases, but the risk of fatal infection was
so high that McDowell was bitterly criticized."-Chapter Five:THE
RISE OF THE SCALPEL:Early Aseptic Surgery http://stevenlehrer.com/explorers/chapter_5.htm
(mkdoul´, –dou´l) (KEY) , 1771–1830,
American pioneer surgeon, b. Virginia. He studied with the Scottish
surgeon John Bell in Edinburgh and practiced in Danville, Ky.
He was noted especially for his success in lithotomy, and in 1809
he made surgical history by performing the first ovariotomy.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
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Meyer, Adolph
(1866–1950)
American psychiatrist, who originated the psychobiological concept
of mental disease. Pathologist at Kankakee State Hospital, 1892.
Professor of Psychiatry at John Hopkins 1910-4941. Is considered
the "dean" of American Psychiatry.
(ä´dôlf m´r) (KEY) , 1866–1950,
American neurologist and psychiatrist, b. Switzerland, M.D. Zürich,
1892. He emigrated to the United States in 1892 and was professor
of psychiatry at Cornell Univ. (1904–9) and at Johns Hopkins
(1910–41), where he was also director of the Henry Phipps
Psychiatric Clinic. He was active in the mental hygiene movement
from its inception (1908), initiating the term “mental hygiene”
to describe the maintenance of mental stability. His integrative
system of treating mental illness, called psychobiology, demanded
that each problem be considered in the light of the patient’s
total personality. 1
See his collected papers, ed. by E. E. Winters (4 vol., 1950–52).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
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Original Image Source: http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/painexhibit/images/weirs.jpg
Mitchell, Silas
Weir
(1829–1914)
American psychiatrist and author. Developed the "rest"
treatment for mental illness.
Phantom limb pain and causalgia were two clinical pain syndromes
that could not be explained in terms of specific nerve pathways.
Amputees experienced phantom limbs: the distinct sensation that
the missing arm or leg was still attached, often held in a distorted,
intensely painful, position. Causalgia, first described by the
American physician, Silas Weir Mitchell, was even more puzzling.
After an injury had healed, the patient experienced intense, burning
pain and sensitivity to the slightest vibration or touch, usually
in the hand or foot, but at a site some distance removed from
the original wound.-http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/painexhibit/panel4.htm
1829–1914, American physician and author, b. Philadelphia,
M.D. Jefferson Medical College, 1850, studied in Paris. A pioneer
in the application of psychology to medicine, he won special fame
for his treatment of nervous disorders and for his study of the
nervous system. His medical works include treatises on snake venom
and neurology, as well as Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences
(1872) and Fat and Blood (1877), which summarizes his well-known
rest cure. Among his novels are historical romances (Hugh Wynne,
Free Quaker, 1896) and psychological studies (Constance Trescot,
1905). He wrote several volumes of poetry and interspersed lyrics
in his novels. 1
See biography by J. P. Lovering (1971).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
Columbia University Press www.bartleby.com
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Morgan, Conwy Lloyd
(1852-1936)
English psychologist. (& zoologist)
Influential British psychologist, Professor and later Vice-Chancellor
of the U. of Bristol, careful experimenter in animal learning,
and a principal founder of comparative psychology. Much of the
technical vocabulary of contemporary animal science comes from
Lloyd Morgan, e.g., 'trial-and-error learning', 'reinforcement',
and 'inhibition.'
Morgan’s canon, "In no case may we interpret an action
as the outcome of the exercise of a higher psychical faculty,
if it can be interpreted as the outcome of one which stands lower
in the psychological scale."
University of Pittsburgh, http://www.pitt.edu/~gmas/1800/MISC1.htm
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Original Image Source: http://www.usd.edu/honors/HWB/hwb_i/florence.jpg
Nightingale,
Florence
(1820-1910)
Founder of modern nursing.
English nurse, the founder of modern nursing, b. Florence, Italy.
Her life was dedicated to the care of the sick and war wounded.
In 1844, she began to visit hospitals; in 1850, she spent some
time with the nursing Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul in Alexandria;
and a year later she studied at the institute for Protestant deaconesses
in Kaiserswerth, Germany. In 1854, she organized a unit of 38
woman nurses for service in the Crimean War. By the end of the
war she had become a legend. With the testimonial fund collected
for her war services she established (1860) the Nightingale School
and Home for training nurses at St. Thomas’s Hospital, London.
She was called “The Lady with the Lamp” because she
believed that a nurse’s care was never ceasing, night or
day; she taught that nursing was a noble profession, and she made
it so. Florence Nightingale was the first woman to be given the
British Order of Merit (1907). She wrote Notes … on
Hospital Administration (1857), Notes on Hospitals (1859), Notes
on Nursing (1860), and Notes on Nursing for the Labouring Classes
(1861). After her death the Crimean Monument, Waterloo Place,
London, was erected (1915) in her honor, and the Florence Nightingale
International Foundation was inaugurated (1934). 1
See biographies by C. Woodham-Smith (1950, 1983), E. Huxley (1975),
and H. Small (2000); studies by M. E. Baly (1986) and S. Dengler
(1988).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
Columbia University Press www.bartleby.com
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Original Image Source:http://www.psychology.ru/whoswho/photos/Philippe_Pinel.gif
Pinel, Philippe
(1745-1826)
French psychiatrist. Began reform movement (1792) in France for
more humane care of the mentally ill - - this was the start of
the so-called "moral" treatment.
(flp´ pnl´) (KEY) , 1745–1826, French
physician, M.D. Univ. of Toulouse, 1773. After moving to Paris
in 1778, he was appointed (1793) director of the Bicêtre
hospital and shortly thereafter of the Salpêtrière.
His Traité médico-philosophique sur l’aliénation
mentale (2d ed. 1809), based on observations in both these hospitals,
advocated humane treatment of mentally ill persons, then called
the insane, and a more empirical study of mental disease. He further
contributed to the development of psychiatry through his establishment
of the practice of keeping well-documented psychiatric case histories
for research.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
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Original Image Source: http://www.brynmawr.edu/Acads/Psych/rwozniak/Prince180.jpg
Prince, Morton
(1854–1929)
American physician and psychologist whose fame was established
in the field of abnormal psychology. "The first clinical
psychologist."
American physician, b. Boston, M.D. Harvard, 1879. He specialized
in neurology and abnormal psychology as a physician in Boston
and as a teacher at Tufts (1902–12) and Harvard (1926–28).
Founder (1906) and editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
he was a leading investigator of the pathology of mental disorders.
Prince also founded (1927) and directed the Harvard Psychological
Clinic, where he was succeeded by his assistant Henry A. Murray.
His writings include The Dissociation of a Personality (1906),
and The Unconscious (1914).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
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Original Image Source: http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/wma/quine1.jpg
*Quine, William Edward
(1847 - 1922)
"Professor at the Chicago Medical College at the early age
of twenty-three. He was Secretary of the-Chicago Medical Society
from 1870 to 1873, and President 1873-4—the youngest President
ever elected by that Society.
For a continuous period of forty-three years he carried on the
arduous work of a lecturer at the Chicago Medical College. For
many years he lectured eight hours a week, and this, while he
was engaged in a very large private practice.
From 1883 to 1913 he held the post of Professor of Medicine in
the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and from 1893 to his resignation,
in 1913, he was "the dominant influence in that institution."
From 1892 to 1896 he was President of the State Board of Health,
and it is worthy of note that, though he was a Republican in politics,
he was, without any solicitation on his part, appointed by a Democratic
Governor.
In 1904 he received the Degree of L.L.D. from the University of
Illinois, was President of the Illinois Medical Society in 1905,
and was for many years Dean of the College of Medicine of Illinois
University. The library of the College, containing 14,000 volumes,
is named after him. In 1915 and 1916 he was President of the Institute
of Medicine of Chicago.
He wrote a considerable number of articles on medical subjects,
but it would appear that his lectures were his chief interest.
To quote again Dr. W. A. Pusey, "Ambition and industry and
capacity for work and honesty are all essential, but mediocrity
cannot travel the road as Dr. Quine travelled it. He had ideals
and sentiment, he had a mind that grasped facts and held them,
that saw far, that, to use one of his words— " sensed—situations,
that reasoned, and could draw straight conclusions, and he disciplined
it by labour to produce a useful life. He choose to make his forte
the didactic lecture, and he probably succeeded in doing that
as well as anyone has done. . . . He did not write, as he might
have done so well. . . . but that he could have led a more useful
life, let us ask the thousands of doctors who, for more than forty
years, got inspiration and knowledge from his teaching.""
From A Manx Note Book : Ellan Vannin vol 1 #1 p11/16 Dec 1923
http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/wma/v1p011.htm
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Original Image Source: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/mtjhtml/images/3b43205t.jpg
Rush, Benjamin
(1745?–1813)
"Father of American Psychiatry."
American physician, signer of the Declaration of Independence,
b. Byberry (now part of Philadelphia), Pa., grad. College of New
Jersey (now Princeton), 1760, M.D. Univ. of Edinburgh, 1768. On
his return to America (1769) he became professor of chemistry,
the first in the colonies, at the College of Philadelphia. A member
of the Continental Congress (1776–77), he served for a time
in the Continental Army. In 1786 he established in Philadelphia
the first free dispensary in the United States. He was a member
of the Pennsylvania convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution.
In 1792 he became professor of the institutes of medicine and
clinical practice at the Univ. of Pennsylvania (which had absorbed
the College of Philadelphia), later becoming professor of theory
and practice. His reliance upon the bleeding and purging of patients,
particularly in the yellow-fever epidemic of 1793 (in which he
worked heroically), aroused a bitter controversy. Popular as a
teacher, he made notable contributions to psychiatry, was a founder
of the first American antislavery society, and helped in the founding
of Dickinson College. From 1797 to his death he was treasurer
of the U.S. mint at Philadelphia. Rush Medical College, Chicago,
was named for him. His principal writings were Medical Inquiries
and Observations (5 vol., 1794–98), Essays, Literary, Moral,
and Philosophical (1798), and Medical Inquiries and Observations
upon the Diseases of the Mind (1812). 1
See his letters (ed. by L. H. Butterfield, 1951); autobiography
(ed. by G. W. Corner, 1948); biography by D. F. Hawke (1971).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
Columbia University Press www.bartleby.com
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Silvis, Mary L.
(1871-1943)
Assistant Director of the Department of Public Welfare 1929-1933
and 1941-1943. First woman in Illinois to hold this position.
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Singer, H. Douglas
(1875-1940)
American psychiatrist and author. Director of Illinois Psychopathic
Institute (The Institute became part of the Illinois Department
of Public Welfare, Division of the Criminologist.) 1907-1921.
Illinois State Alienist 1917-1927. Outstanding in the development
of neuropsychiatric research.
Dr. Douglas Singer, and Englishman who in 1908 founded the Illinois
State Psychopathic Institute, forerunner to the State Psychiatric
Institute, now part of UIC Department of Psychiatry.-www.rockfordillinois.com/chron7.htm
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Todd, Eli
(1769-1833)
American psychiatrist, leader in the adoption of "moral treatment"
of the mentally ill in the U.S.
1824 — The Connecticut Retreat for the Insane opened at
Hartford for the reception of patients. The Connecticut Retreat's
name and humane philosophy of treatment were patterned after those
of the York Retreat, in England. The first superintendent of the
Hartford Retreat was Eli Todd. The institution's name has changed
several times but was called the Hartford Retreat for many years.
It is now named the Institute of Living. -http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0401.html
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Original Image Source: http://hsc.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/ALAV/Images/4Trudeau.jpg
Trudeau, Edward Livingston
(1848–1915)
Founder of the modern sanitarium treatment for tuberculosis.
(tr´d) (KEY) , 1848–1915, American physician,
b. New York City, M.D. Columbia, 1871. As a result of taking care
of his brother, who had tuberculosis, he developed the disease.
He went to live in the Adirondacks, spending much time in the
open, and regained his health. Seeking to aid others suffering
from tuberculosis, he founded (1884) at Saranac Lake the Trudeau
Sanatorium, where he employed the open-air treatment of the disease
and organized (1894) the first laboratory for the study of tuberculosis.
The sanatorium closed in 1954 for lack of patients, modern methods
of early diagnosis and of treatment having drastically reduced
incidence of the disease. 1
See his autobiography (1916); biography by K. E. Harrod (1960);
L. Brown et al., Edward Livingston Trudeau: A Symposium (1935).
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2002
Columbia University Press www.bartleby.com
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*White, William Alanson
(?) Uncertain, although Elgin State Hospital named a cottage after
him in 1937.)
(1870 - 1937)
William Alanson White was born. White conceived of mental illness
as a social, biological, and psychological process involving the
whole organism. White advanced the humane treatment of people
with mental illness, promoted Freudian psychology in America and
coined the term mental hygiene. He appointed the first committee
of the American Psychiatric Association to study legal aspects
of psychiatry.
-http://www.cwu.edu/~warren/calendar/cal0124.html
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*Williams, Frankwood
E. (?)
1932 Frankwood E. Williams seeks to redefine mental hygiene by
claiming it should address infantile sexuality and the mental
development of infants. He condemns the treatment of mental illness
by "lay practitioners" such as psychologists, social
workers, etc. (Up until the 1930s, any physician could, on request,
be listed in the AMA directory as a specialist in psychiatry.
When General Pershing, during WWI, requested something be done
about the mental condition of replacement troops, sixweek "crash
courses" in psychiatry were organized at several leading
universities.)
...Frankwood E. Williams, whom he began seeing at the time of
his troubles in his first marriage, was a devotee of the new order
he observed in Russia. A 1932 voyage convinced Williams (a nationally
prominent psychiatrist, editor of The Journal of Mental Hygiene)
that the Communists were shaping a society that was free of the
mental illness caused by the “atmosphere of competition
and rivalry that vitiates everything from the start and at every
step” in America. Inspiringly, this shrink was for once
in his life overcome by a religious experience. It happened while
he was packed into a Moscow streetcar, when he felt that “for
a moment we are just one body,” he and the commuting Muscovites,
as he later explained. -http://www.fff.org/freedom/0201e.asp
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Original Image Source: http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n06/historia/willis.jpg
*Willis, Thomas
(?)
(1622-1675)
The doctrines of Sylvius spread widely over the continent, but
were not generally accepted in England until modified by Thomas
Willis (1622-1675), whose name, like that of Sylvius, is perpetuated
by a structure in the brain named after him, the circle of Willis.
Willis's descriptions of certain nervous diseases, and an account
of diabetes, are the first recorded, and added materially to scientific
medicine. These schools of medicine lasted until the end of the
seventeenth century, when they were finally overthrown by Sydenham.
-http://anatomy.med.unsw.edu.au/cbl/embryo/history/page2d.htm
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*Wines, Rev. Frederick
(?)
Board of Charities Secretary. Leading expert on social welfare
policy.
The first national social work journal, Lend A Hand, was begun
in January, 1886 by Unitarian clergyman, Edward E. Hale.
Hale's journal merged with Charities Review in March, 1897 under
the leadership of Rev. Frederick Wines. Far from being sectarian,
by 1898 it included articles on Catholic, Jewish, and even "Hindoo"
charity (Wines, 1897.)
Wines, F. H. (1897). Hindoo charity. Charities Review,
6, 302 -307. -astra.aurora.edu/raines/forgotten.htm
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Original Image Source: http://www.alliancelibrarysystem.com/Projects/IllinoisAlive/files/zm/jpg1/zm000009.jpg
**Zeller, George A.
George Anthony Zeller, M.D.
On July 1, 1898, Dr. George A. Zeller was appointed superintendent
by Governor John R. Tanner. The institution was in process of
erection and Dr. Zeller received no pay.
Recognizing that a year or more must elapse before the institution
would be ready for occupancy, he entered the volunteer medical
corps of the U. S. Army and was ordered to the Philippines, where
he was promoted to the rank of Captain, Assistant Surgeon U. S.
V., "for efficient services in the field."
The exigencies of the service delayed his homecoming and shortly
after the inauguration of Gov. Richard Yates in 1901, Dr. F. C.
Winslow was named superintendent. Doctor Winslow died in October
of that year and Doctor Zeller was notified by cablegram that
he was again named superintendent.
Cholera was rampant in Manila at that time and a year elapsed
before he reached home. During this period, Dr. H. B. Carriel
of Jacksonville, served as acting superintendent and remained
until July 1, 1902, when he was appointed superintendent of the
Jacksonville State Hospital, the oldest in the State, and of which
his father was superintendent for twenty-five years.
From July 1, 1902 until November 1 of the same year, Dr. W. E.
Taylor of the Watertown State Hospital divided his time between
the two institutions and served both of them efficiently.
Doctor Zeller assumed active charge on November 1, 1902 and continued
until March 1, 1914 when he became alienist of the Board of Administration.
Dr. R. T. Hinton served from 1914 to 1917 and Dr. R. A. Goodner
from 19171 to 1921.
On November 15, 1921, Dr. Zeller, who had spent four years organizing
and conducting the new State hospital at Alton was transferred
to the Peoria and institution and has continued at the head of
it today.
This institution has been noted for a large number of innovations
and reforms in the care and treatment of medical patients. It
abolished the use of narcotics; it eliminated every form of restraint;
banished all forms of imprisonment; it was the first institution
in Illinois to adopt the eight hour day for all its employees;
it was the first to place women attendants on male wards; it segregated
its consumptive and colonized its epileptics. In his report for
the two years ending June 30, 1908, Dr. Zeller said: "few
of these principles are new. Most of them have been agitated and
urged ever since the minds of men turned to the amelioration of
the mentally afflicted. We claim no credit for their discover
but we do take pleasure in presenting the observations of the
complete bi-ennial period, during which two thousand of the most
violent, destructive and dangerous insane in the world have been
cared for without once having to resort to mechanical restraint,
without using a single grain of narcotic on any ward, except in
the hospital for the sick, without a screen or a bar on any door
or window and without turning a key upon a single patient, night
or day and with women caring for more than eight hundred insane
me." Dr. Zeller makes the unqualified assertion that this
has been done successfully and we have vindication of his system
in its adoption by all of the State hospitals of Illinois. -http://www.alliancelibrarysystem.com/Projects/IllinoisAlive/files/zm/htm1/zm000007.html
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"WE NAME OUR COTTAGES"
was obtained from
Manteno Public Library District
50 West Division Street
Manteno, Illinois 60950
NOTES:
(?) Items marked with question marks are marked
as such because the information on the names of these buildings
was missing so I researched famous doctors and persons related
to the field of psychiatry. The names could be totally wrong.
*Page three and the cottage name "Quine"
appear to be missing. These names are assumptions as to who the
cottages and buildings might be named after.
**It is fairly certain that the cottage named
"Zeller" was named after George A. Zeller considering
his reputation in the treatment of the mentally ill and local
knowledge of him.
Addams Adler
Barton Billings
Bowen Brandon
Carriel
Clouston Cullen
Dewey Dix
Drake Dunne
Forbes
Freud Gollmar
Goodner Hinton
Hunter Jackson
James
Kilbourne Kraepelin
McDowell Meyer
Mitchell Morgan
Nightingale Pinel
Prince *Quine
Rush Silvis
Singer
Todd Trudeau
*White *Williams
*Willis *Wines
**Zeller
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